What's wrong with this proof of 1 = -1?

You may also come across proofs of $ 1=-1$ , such as...

$\displaystyle -1$ $\displaystyle = -1$    
$\displaystyle \frac{-1}{1}$ $\displaystyle = \frac{1}{-1}$    
$\displaystyle \sqrt{\frac{-1}{1}}$ $\displaystyle = \sqrt{\frac{1}{-1}}$   Take the square root of both sides.    
$\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{-1}}{\sqrt{1}}$ $\displaystyle = \frac{\sqrt{1}}{\sqrt{-1}}$   Since $ \sqrt{\frac{a}{b}}=\frac{\sqrt{a}}{\sqrt{b}}$ .    
$\displaystyle \frac{i}{1}$ $\displaystyle = \frac{1}{i}$   Since $ i=\sqrt{-1}$ .    
$\displaystyle i^2$ $\displaystyle = 1$   Cross-multiply    
$\displaystyle -1$ $\displaystyle = 1$   Since $ i^2=-1$ .    

The erroneous step was assuming $ \sqrt{\frac{a}{b}}=\frac{\sqrt{a}}{\sqrt{b}}$ always holds when a or b is negative. An argument can be made that while taking the square root of both sides, the ``negative'' root was not considered, else we would have concluded $ -1=-1$ to be valid and $ -1=1$ to be invalid, i.e. extraneous. The aforementioned erroneous assumption is the reason $ -1=1$ is extraneous.


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